陇中黄土高原混播草地生产性能

为了指导黄土高原丘陵沟壑区栽培草地建植及草食畜牧业的持续健康发展,本研究选择当地推广种植面积较大的紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)和红豆草(Onobrychis viciaefolia)两个草种为研究对象,于2016?2018年在甘肃省定西市安定区李家堡镇黄金村开展了紫花苜蓿与红豆草在1 ? 0 (H1)、7 ? 3 (H2)、5 ? 5 (H3)、3 ? 7 (H4)和0 ? 1 (H5)的混播比例下草地生产性能的相关研究。结果表明：1)建植生长第2年,H2、H3、H4处理的地上生物量分别比H1处理提高46.0%、34.0%和12.0%,但均低于H5处理;第3年,H2、H3、H4处理的地上生物量分别比H1处理提高36.5%、40.0%和23.5%,比H5处理提高34.9%、38.4%和22.1%,混播效应明显。2)随着混播组合中紫花苜蓿比例的降低,紫花苜蓿相对于红豆草的种间竞争力减小。3)紫花苜蓿与红豆草在3 ? 7混播比例下,2种牧草的粗蛋白含量均最高,且紫花苜蓿高于红豆草;与单播相比,混播后相对饲喂价值提高,提高了4.4%～49.73%,7 ? 3混播比例下,紫花苜蓿的相对饲喂价值较高,3 ? 7混播比例下,红豆草的相对饲喂价值较高。综合来看,紫花苜蓿与红豆草在7 ? 3和5 ? 5混播比例下,于生长第2年和第3年可获得相对较高的地上生物量和营养物质产量,可在生产实践中大面积推广应用。     

Influence of amount and frequency of protein supplementation to ruminants consuming low-quality cool-season forages: efficiency of nitrogen utilization in lambs and performance of gestating beef cows

We evaluated the influence of amount and crude protein (CP) supplementation frequency (SF) on nitrogen (N) use by wethers and the performance of late-gestation beef cows. In exp. 1, seven Western whiteface wethers (31.8 ± 1.4 kg) were used in an incomplete 7 × 4 Latin square to evaluate intake and N use. Wethers received one of the seven treatments in a 2 × 3 factorial design containing two levels of supplemental soybean meal offered at a rate of 100% (F) or 50% (H; 50% of F) of the estimated CP requirement daily, once every 5, or once every 10 d, plus a non-supplemented control (CON). Low-quality cool-season forage (4.9 % CP; dry matter [DM] basis) was provided daily for ad libitum intake. Experimental periods lasted 30 d. In exp. 2, 84 Angus × Hereford cows (560 ± 35 kg) were stratified by age, body condition score (BCS), and expected calving date and allocated to 1 of the 21 feedlot pens (three pens per treatment). Pens were randomly assigned to receive the same treatments as in exp. 1 and cows had free access to low-quality cool-season forage (2.9% CP; DM basis). Cow body weight (BW) and BCS were measured every 14 d until calving and within 24 h after calving. In exp. 1, supplementation did not alter total DM and organic matter (OM) intake (P ≥ 0.26), but both parameters linearly decreased as SF decreased (P = 0.02). Supplementation increased DM, OM, and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility (P ≤ 0.02). Additionally, F feeding linearly increased DM, OM, and NDF digestibility as SF decreased (P ≤ 0.04). Digestibility of N, N balance, and digested N retained were greater with supplementation (P < 0.01), and N digestibility linearly increased as SF decreased (P = 0.01). Mean plasma urea-N concentration was not only greater (P < 0.01) for supplemented vs. CON wethers but also greater (P = 0.03) for F vs. H. In exp. 2, pre-calving BCS change was greater (P = 0.03) for supplemented cows. A linear effect of SF × supplementation rate for pre-calving BCS change was noted (P = 0.05), as F-supplemented cows lost more BCS compared with H as SF decreased. When considering supplementation intervals greater than 5 d, reducing the quantity of supplement provided, compared with daily supplementation, may be a feasible management strategy to maintain acceptable nutrient use and animal performance while reducing supplement and labor costs.     

构树的营养价值及其在畜禽生产中的应用研究进展

构树含有丰富的粗蛋白、粗脂肪、氨基酸等多种营养物质,有抗氧化、抗菌消炎的功能。构树在畜禽养殖中的应用有助于解决我国的"人畜争粮"问题,有望成为一种具有广泛应用前景的蛋白质饲料。文章综述构树的营养成分、生物发酵技术以及在猪、家禽、反刍动物养殖中的应用研究进展。     

有机培肥土壤对优势流中养分淋失的影响

为研究有机培肥对土壤优势流中养分淋失的影响,采用原状土柱模拟淋溶的方法,对土壤优势流中养分淋失的情况进行研究.结果表明,土壤经有机培肥后,明显降低了优势流中各种养分的淋失速度,从而使养分的淋失总量减少,为未施秸秆处理的1/3左右.有机培肥土壤对于淋溶液中养分浓度的影响表现为,在淋溶液中养分浓度总体降低的同时,各种养分的浓度降低的幅度又有所不同,其中对水溶性K和铵离子的效果最明显,而对硝态氮（NO-3-N）保持作用则相对差些.上述结果说明,有机培肥对减少土壤优势流造成的土壤养分淋失以及降低地下水污染都有一定的作用.     

Growth performance,nutrient digestibility,and fecal microbial composition of weaned pigs fed multi-enzyme supplemented diets

A study determined the effects of supplementing corn-based diets for weaned pigs with multi-enzymes on growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, fecal score, and fecal microbial composition. A total of 132 pigs (initial body weight = 7.23 kg) that had been weaned at 21 d of age and fed a drug-free nursery diet for 7 d were housed in 33 pens of 4 barrows or gilts, blocked by body weight and gender, and fed 3 experimental diets at 11 pens per diet. The diets were corn-based diet without or with multi-enzyme A or B. Multi-enzyme A supplied 4,000 U of xylanase, 150 U of β-glucanase, 3,500 U of protease, and 1,500 U of amylase per kilogram of diet. Multi-enzyme B was the same as multi-enzyme A except that it supplied amylase at 150 U/kg, and that its source of amylase was different from that of multi-enzyme A. All diets contained phytase at 1,000 U/kg. The diets were fed for 35 d in 2 phases; phase 1 for the first 14 d and phase 2 for the last 21 d of the trial. Fecal score was determined daily during the first 7 d of the trial. Fecal samples were collected from rectum of 1 pig per pen on days 2, 7, 14, and 35 of the trial for determining bacterial composition. Also, fresh fecal samples were collected from each pen on days 41 and 42 to determine ATTD of nutrients. Multi-enzyme B increased (P < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) for phases 1 and 2. For the overall study period, multi-enzyme B increased (P < 0.05) ADG from 262 to 313 g, and average daily feed intake (ADFI) from 419 to 504 g. Multi-enzyme A increased (P < 0.05) overall ADG from 262 to 290 g, but did not affect ADFI. Multi-enzyme A or B did not affect ATTD of gross energy, but increased (P < 0.05) the ATTD of ether extract from 30% to 36% or 37%, respectively. Multi-enzyme A did not affect fecal score; however, multi-enzyme B tended to decrease (P = 0.09) fecal score, implying that it tended to decrease diarrhea. Firmicutes were the most abundant phylum of fecal bacteria (its relative abundance ranged from 58% to 72%). Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria were the 2nd and 3rd most abundant phyla of fecal bacteria. Neither multi-enzyme affected fecal bacterial composition. In conclusion, the addition of multi-enzyme A or B to phytase-supplemented corn-based diet for weaned pigs can improve their growth performance and fat digestibility. However, multi-enzyme B was more effective than multi-enzyme A in terms of improving the growth performance of weaned pigs fed corn-based diet.     

Successful treatment of a splenic abscess secondary to migrant metallic wires in a horse

This case report discusses a successful partial splenectomy for treatment of a splenic abscess in a horse. A 2-year-old Thoroughbred colt was hospitalised 5 weeks after an episode of severe colic that was followed by gradual weight loss and anorexia, pyrexia for 5 days and dehydration on the day of referral. A large splenic abscess was identified ultrasonographically. Following initial medical treatment, an exploratory laparotomy was performed. Multiple adhesions were released and a partial splenectomy conducted to remove the abscess. Migrant metallic wires penetrating from the small intestine into the splenic parenchyma were found to be the cause for the adhesions and the abscess. This paper summarises the potential advantages of utilising a partial vs. a total splenectomy and highlights the potential complications of these surgical procedure in equines.     

饲粮添加包被蛋氨酸和包被叶酸对杜寒杂交二代公羔生长性能、养分消化代谢和瘤胃微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮添加包被蛋氨酸（coated methionine,CM）和包被叶酸（coated folic acid,CFA）对杜寒杂交二代公羔生长性能、养分消化代谢及瘤胃微生物蛋白质合成的影响。采用2×2完全随机试验设计,试验因素为按照试验动物体重添加CFA（0 mg,CFA-或4 mg·（kg·d）^-1,CFA+）和CM（0 g,CM-或0.1 g·（kg·d）^-1,CM+）。将40只体重相近（（30.08±1.34）kg）的4月龄杜寒杂交二代公羔随机分为4组,分别饲喂基础日粮（CM-&CFA-）、基础日粮+CFA 4 mg·（kg·d）^-1（CM-&CFA+）、基础日粮+CM 0.1 g·（kg·d）^-1（CM+&CFA-）、基础日粮+CFA 4 mg·（kg·d）^-1+CM 0.1 g·（kg·d）^-1（CM+&CFA+）。试验期85 d,其中预试期15 d,正试期70 d,在试验期结束前10 d开展消化代谢试验。试验结果表明：1）饲粮添加CFA显著提高了1~30 d平均日增重和饲料转化率（P<0.05）,而添加CM仅显著提高了1~30 d饲料转化率（P=0.036）,对1~30 d平均日增重无显著影响（P>0.05）;饲粮中添加CFA、CM显著提高了杜寒杂交二代公羔31~60 d和1~60 d平均日增重及相应阶段饲料转化率（P<0.05）,二者对1~60 d饲料转化率具有显著互作效应（P=0.007）;2）饲粮添加CFA显著提高了干物质、有机物、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维的表观消化率（P<0.05）,饲粮添加CM有提高有机物表观消化率的趋势（P=0.066）及增加干物质消化率的趋势（P=0.095）,二者对养分消化率无显著互作效应（P>0.05）;3）饲粮添加CFA、CM显著降低了尿能排出量,显著提高了能量消化率和代谢率（P<0.05）;通过显著降低粪氮、尿氮及总排泄氮（P<0.05）,从而显著提高了氮的表观消化率和沉积氮水平（P<0.05）,且二者同时添加对减少氮排泄、提高氮消化率有显著互作效应（P<0.05）;4）饲粮添加CM、CFA显著提高嘌呤衍生物的尿排泄量,提高瘤胃微生物蛋白质合成量（P<0.05）。饲粮添加CM、CFA提高干物质和有机物表观消化率,改善总能消化率和代谢率,增加氮表观消化率和氮沉积量,促进杜寒杂交二代公羔的生长。     

草地根际过程对养分循环调控机制研究进展

了解根际土壤养分碳、氮和磷的转化和循环利用是解决草地农业生态系统可持续利用性和提高草地生产力的根本问题。草地根际过程能够反映土壤碳、氮和磷等养分的周转速率,影响植物、土壤微生物对养分的竞争和捕获,维持根际微环境中各组分的养分平衡,同时与作物相比,草地土壤中养分元素碳、氮和磷的耦合性更强。因此,根际微生态系统结构与功能在维持养分转化和循环等方面具有重要作用。大量文献报道,调控根际微环境改变的关键因素是植物与土壤进行物质交换和信息传递的关键物质-根际分泌物,同时根际分泌物也是介导根际微生物和根际酶活性的关键物质。当草地环境发生改变时,该区域的根际分泌物、根际酶活性和根际土壤的微生物的组成和多样性也将发生根本性改变,从而导致该区域土壤养分的供应量和有效性发生改变,最终影响草地生产力和养分的有效利用效率。因此,深入探究草地根际过程对养分循环的调控机理,对于揭示草地植物与微生物间养分物质的分配利用和养分收益方面具有重要指导意义。综述了根际分泌物、根际酶和根际微生物参与养分循环的机制和互作机理,总结草地根际过程参与养分循环的机制,并对草学领域未来在根际微域的研究进行了一定的展望。     

菜园土壤肥力特征与蔬菜硝酸盐污染的控制技术Ⅱ.长沙市郊6个蔬菜基地土壤的肥力特性

采用野外调查采样和室内分析，对湖南长沙市郊区6个蔬菜基地土壤的立地条件和肥力特性进行了系统研究．结果表明：6个基地的土壤均由分布在河流两岸的河谷阶地和河漫滩的河流沉积物以及分布在红壤丘岗谷地的第四纪红色粘土发育而成．地势平坦、开阔，海拔40～50m之间．土壤质地为轻壤至重壤，砂粘适中，其总体养分状况良好，有机质、氮素、磷素和钾素含量均很丰富，尤其是土壤全磷和有效磷含量极高，远高于一般高产耕地土壤和自然土壤，是菜园土壤的一大显著肥力特征．其中，以陈家渡基地的土壤肥力水平最高，卷塘村基地的土壤肥力水平最低；不同母质发育的土壤中，以冲积物发育的冲积菜园土的肥力水平较第四纪红色粘土发育的红菜园土高，特别是全钾、缓效钾的含量差异显著；一般情况下，除土壤pH值外，供试剖而土壤的其他养分含量均随剖面深度的增大而降低．     

阔叶林砍伐迹地上炼山营造杉木林对土壤系统中养分的影响

本文运用对比方法研究了江西省境内亚热带天然次生阔地及其砍伐迹地炼山营造杉木林后土壤系统养分状况的变化,结果表明:炼山营造杉木林使土壤系统功能恶化,土壤肥力急剧衰退.据此,本文对亚热带地区造林技术之现状提出质疑,认为,以炼山营造杉木林的方式更新阔叶林砍伐迹地不宜继续进行。